![]() The saline distributes rapidly from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. If administered orally, saline is rapidly and completely absorbed, as not only is it basically just water, but it contains sodium which is avidly absorbed in the proximal small bowel, creating the osmotic gradient necessary for water absorption. Or, more likely, add 877 grams of it to a ton of sterile water and then package it into litre containers in an automated packing machine. ![]() S odium chloride has a molar weight of 58.44 grams, which means all you need to do is weigh out 150mmol of it (8.77 grams) and add that to a litre of sterile water. ![]() Fortunately, that's a fairly straightforward one-step process. As this was a compare-and-contrast question that asked for the trainees to juxtapose albumin and saline in a tabulated answer, the implication is that they also expected some sort of details about the industrial production of saline. In their comments to Question 1 from the second paper of 2015, the examiners complained about nobody knowing how albumin was manufactured. You can use it to flush an external ventricular drain. ![]() The measured osmolality is 286 or so, for known reasons. It is designed for intravenous administration, but being a commonly available isotonic fluid makes it versatile, which means it can be given subcutaneously, as a neb, as a mouth wash, as an ocular rinse, and virtually in any other way you can think of. The pH of this fluid is often reported as something like 4.6, which is completely meaningless (Reddi, 2013). This 1 litre of 0.9% saline contains 150 mmol of sodium and 150mmol of chloride in sterile water. Pharmacokinetics of normal saline Presentation and administration If you can get a hold of it, the review of colloid and crystalloid pharmacology by Griffel and Kaufman (1992) is also excellent. In fact pretty much anything by Robert Hahn is good. Hanh & Warner (2010), "Volume Kinetics for Infusion Fluids", is probably the best paper to describe not just the pharmacokinetics of these fluids but also the scientific rationale behind their movements.
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